# PT-141 References: The Cited Bremelanotide Literature | PT-141 Score

> PT-141 references: the full cited bremelanotide literature — RECONNECT Phase 3 trials, the fMRI mechanism study, the FDA label, and the re-analyses — with DOIs, PMIDs, and NCT numbers.

The complete reference list for the PT-141 (bremelanotide) record on this site — peer-reviewed trials, the mechanistic fMRI study, the FDA prescribing information, and the published re-analyses, each with its identifiers.

## How to read these references

Every quantitative clinical claim on this site maps to a numbered source below — peer-reviewed journals, ClinicalTrials.gov records, and the FDA structured product label. Where a source is disputed, the dispute is noted with it: reference 7's 2008 erectile-dysfunction study carries a 2023 Expression of Concern, and references 8 and 12 are the re-analyses that contest the effect size. The conference abstracts (13-15) are flagged as lower-tier evidence. The field-reports section on the side-effects page cites nothing here by design — it is community talk, not literature.

## References

[1] Molinoff PB, Shadiack AM, Earle D, Diamond LE, Quon CY. PT-141: a melanocortin agonist for the treatment of sexual dysfunction. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003;994:96-102. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12851303/
[2] Pfaus J, Shadiack A, Van Soest T, Tse M, Molinoff P. Selective facilitation of sexual solicitation in the female rat by a melanocortin receptor agonist. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101:10201-10204. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15226502/
[3] Kingsberg SA, Clayton AH, Portman D, Williams LA, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Simon JA. Bremelanotide for the Treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: Two Randomized Phase 3 Trials. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(5):899-908. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31599840/
[4] Simon JA, Kingsberg SA, Portman D, Williams LA, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Clayton AH. Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Bremelanotide for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(5):909-917. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31599847/
[5] Thurston L, Hunjan T, Mills EG, Wall MB, Ertl N, Phylactou M, et al. Melanocortin 4 receptor agonism enhances sexual brain processing in women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder. J Clin Invest. 2022;132(19):e152341. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36189794/
[6] U.S. Food and Drug Administration / DailyMed. Bremelanotide Injection — US Prescribing Information (structured product label). 2019. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=8c9607a2-5b57-4a59-b159-cf196deebdd9
[7] Safarinejad MR, Hosseini SY. Salvage of Sildenafil Failures With Bremelanotide: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled Study. J Urol. 2008;179(3):1066-1071. NOTE: An Expression of Concern was published in 2023 (J Urol; PMID 36626345); findings are disputed. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18206919/
[8] Spielmans GI. Re-Analyzing Phase III Bremelanotide Trials for "Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder" in Women. J Sex Res. 2021;58(9):1085-1105. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33678061/
[9] Mayer D, Lynch SE. Bremelanotide: New Drug Approved for Treating Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder. Ann Pharmacother. 2020;54(7):684-690. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31893927/
[10] Cipriani S, Maseroli E, Vignozzi L. An evaluation of bremelanotide injection for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2023;24(1):15-21. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36242769/
[11] Borland JM, Kohut-Jackson AL, Peyla AC, Hall MA, Mermelstein PG, Meisel RL. Female Syrian hamster analyses of bremelanotide, a US FDA approved drug for the treatment of female hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Neuropharmacology. 2025;110299. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39793696/
[12] Spielmans GI. Small Effects, Questionable Outcomes: Bremelanotide for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder. J Sex Res. 2024;61(?):(advance). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36809187/
[13] Goldstein I, et al. (227) Use of the CNS Agent Bremelanotide in Men with Sexual Dysfunction: Results from a Sexual Medicine Clinic. J Sex Med. 2024;21(Suppl). Conference abstract — lower evidence tier. https://doi.org/10.1093/jsxmed/qdae001.217
[14] Goldstein I, et al. (122) Positive Effects of Bremelanotide on Female Sexual Arousal and Orgasm in Premenopausal Women. J Sex Med. 2025;22(Suppl). Conference abstract — lower evidence tier. https://doi.org/10.1093/jsxmed/qdaf068.108
[15] Vereecken S, et al. (396) Comparative Analysis of Flibanserin, Bremelanotide, and Testosterone Therapy for Female Sexual Dysfunction. J Sex Med. 2025;22(Suppl). Conference abstract — lower evidence tier. https://doi.org/10.1093/jsxmed/qdaf320.390

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PT-141 Score reads the bremelanotide record like a program — the one approved use and the nausea-led tolerability cost set loud and first, the modest effect drawn honestly small beside the re-analyses that contest it, and the unverified field reports kept off-stave in their own key; no clinic behind the score and nothing here dosed, prescribed, or sold.